Sarah Ballard studies exoplanets for a living, so like many other astronomers around the world she's eager to see the Thirty Meter Telescope (the TMT for short) go into operation in the early 2020s. With a light-collecting mirror nine times larger than the ones on the twin Keck Telescopes, currently the world's most powerful, the TMT will revolutionise the search for Earth-like worlds around other stars, and be able to peer to the very edges of the visible universe.
But Ballard, an astronomer at the University of Washington, in Seattle, is conflicted. A group of indigenous Hawaiians are determined that the TMT won't be built. They're incensed by the telescope's location perched on top of the extinct volcano Mauna Kea, on the Big Island of Hawaii –a holy site for native Hawaiian people. – After an increasingly vocal series of protests that have landed 31 activists in jail, Hawaii's governor, David Ige, issued a week-long moratorium on construction to all for "further dialogue" between the protesters and the telescope builders.
Construction criticism
It's not the first time native Hawaiians have been upset by the powerful telescopes dotted around the ash fields on the mountain's 4200-metre summit – two Kecks, the Subaru, the Gemini and a host of smaller instruments. But in the past, the rest of the world has remained largely unaware.
That's no longer the case, thanks to the #protectMaunakea hashtag on Twitter, a campaign on Facebook and several blogs. "Back in the day, we had the LA Times writing about us," says Kaloha Piscotta, part of a group suing to block the project, "but now we have social media."
And thanks to Ballard, astronomers are now aware of the issue as well. She learned about the controversy from Keolu Fox, a native Hawaiian friend who studies genomics technology at the University of Washington. Ballard posted a summary of what he had told her on the Diversity in Physics and Astronomy page on Facebook, setting off a long and remarkably receptive comment thread.
"I'm pretty sure we would never be able to build a telescope in the middle of Vatican City after levelling St. Peter's Basilica," said one astronomer, "or in the Wailing Wall or on the Ka'aba, but we build on Mauna Kea."
Not every scientist is so conflicted. "If we were talking about putting a coal-fired power plant or a factory or something up there, I'd be the first to say 'hold on'." says David Jewitt, an astronomer at the University of California, Los Angeles, who uses big telescopes to study the outer solar system. "But we're not. Astronomy is about as pure and as clean as you can get, so what's the big deal?"
Ballard is less sure. "From talking with Keolu, it does seem like there's something unjust about TMT as it's currently being constructed. It seems to me that the Hawaiian people are not being intrinsically unreasonable."
Part of the problem may also be that the TMT feels like the final straw for a people who have been treated pretty shabbily in the past – from the exploitation of their resources by Western imperialists to a US-backed coup that overthrew the Hawaiian kingdom's last Queen, LiliÊ»uokalani, in 1893, leading to US annexation of the islands a few years later. "Our culture is dying," says Fox. "By 2040, there won't be any pure Hawaiian people left on planet Earth."
Given that history, it's perhaps not so surprising that native Hawaiians are rallying to protest against the largest construction project to date on top of their sacred mountain. They also insist that the TMT project does not comply with environmental regulations. "It's a watershed area," says Piscotta. "There are pretty clear rules about building there." The company building TMT has ignored these rules, she says. That's largely the basis for the group's legal challenges.
Impact statement
But most of the protesters' complaints have taken Sandra Dawson, TMT's Hawaii Community Affairs representative, by surprise. "We chose a site that has no archaeological shrines, has not been the site of cultural practices, and isn't visible from distance of holy sites," she says.
Dawson also disputes the accusation that the company has flouted environmental regulations. "I've been told we had one of the most thorough environmental impact statement processes ever." The TMT had not just environmental scientists involved, but also historians and indigenous religious practitioners she says.
"When the statement was completed, no one challenged it. "We thought that by having all the meetings we had over last seven years, many of them in indigenous Hawaiian communities, the information would get out. We now know that that's not the case. We're going to work harder to make that happen."
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.
