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|1|2 The US is hoping to shock China into talks over its industrial cyber espionage programme, says a foreign relations expert
At first glance, the US Justice Department's 31-count indictment of five Chinese military officers for hacking into the computers of six US corporations, in order to steal billions of dollars' worth of industrial secrets, seems a bit odd. No way are Beijing's leaders going to extradite members of their elite cyberwarfare unit to stand trial in a US criminal court.
At second glance, the move still seems strange and possibly counterproductive. The United States engages in cyber-offensive operations, too. Doesn't president Obama – who must have approved the indictment and its high-profile rollout – worry that China will strike back by revealing some secret US plots?
Besides, won't this whole business endanger US-Chinese relations, and at a time when Russian president Vladimir Putin is doing his own towards Beijing? (Fostering a US-Chinese alliance against Russia makes more sense than provoking a Russian-Chinese alliance against the US.)
But at third glance, there is logic to what the Obama administration is doing, and although it's loaded with risk, it's on balance a good move, maybe even a necessary one.
Detailed evidence
For years, the Chinese – especially, but not exclusively, a Shanghai-based department of the People's Liberation Army called Unit 61398 (where all of the indicted officers work) – have been hacking into the computer networks of US corporations, defence firms, and financial institutions. President Obama and a few cabinet secretaries have raised the issue in several diplomatic forums. Each time, Chinese officials have denied the charges and challenged the Americans to produce some evidence. The indictment is, in this sense, the reply: here is the evidence – and in staggering detail.
When Obama tried to spark a dialogue on the issue last June, at the summit in Palm Springs, California, Chinese president Xi Jinping called him out on the hypocrisy. The first leaks from Edward Snowden had just appeared, revealing that the US was hacking into Chinese networks. How, Xi asked, could Obama complain about Chinese hacking when he was hacking, too? (Of course, Xi still denied that his government was responsible for any of it.)
US officials, then and now, have drawn a distinction: China hacks into US computer networks to steal secrets and enrich its state-run corporations; the US hacks into Chinese networks only to protect national security. The Chinese and others, including many American critics, have scoffed at the fine line. First, to China, economic enrichment is national security. Second, to some, hacking is hacking is hacking.
Security secrets
In fact, though, there are real distinctions here. The Chinese cyberwarfare units don't just hack into corporate networks for trade secrets. They also – just like their counterparts in the US, Russia, Britain, France, Israel, Iran, North Korea and other countries – hack into military and intelligence networks for national security secrets. The Obama administration is saying: the latter, the realm of traditional spying, is fair game; the former, the cyber-age equivalent of industrial espionage, is not.
For some time Obama has said he wants to negotiate "rules of the road" for this new, anarchic domain of cybertools and cyberweapons, laying out which kinds of networks are legitimate military targets and which kinds are vital to the workings of a civil, lawful society – and should, therefore, be protected (whether by treaty, international law, mutual asset, or whatever) from nation-state hackers.
Obama has made repeated overtures to the Chinese because they are the world's most indiscriminate hackers and because the two nations have other diplomatic ties and interests; in other words, diplomacy on this issue with China is a plausible notion. The indictment is Obama's way of turning up the pressure – and of showing just how much the US knows about what they're doing. (The Chinese may think they've deeply penetrated the world of US secrets; but they may not have known, till now, just how deeply the US has penetrated their own – so much so that, when they hack into American networks, US hackers see what their hackers are seeing.)
The indictment is interesting not only for the crimes it's seeking to punish, but also for the crimes it's letting brush by. The statutes that the Justice Department cites fall mainly under 18 US Code 1030, "Fraud and related activity in connection with computers." The Chinese hackers are charged under those sections of the statute that deal with gaining access to files of financial value – but not other sections that deal with damage to national security, although there's plenty of evidence that they engage in that sort of hacking as well. An explicit decision was made to ignore that sort of hacking, to draw a distinction between military and industrial espionage.
Long history
It's not that Obama is giving military hackers a free ride. The Pentagon spends billions of dollars a year trying to make its own networks more secure. But he recognises that this is what militaries do.
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